interior design
The interior design is according to building's use nature, locates the environment and the corresponding standard, the utilization material technological means and the building esthetics principle, the indoor environment which the creation function reasonable, comfortable exquisite, the satisfied people material and the spiritual life need. This space environment already has the use value, satisfies the corresponding function request, simultaneously has also reflected the historical arrangement, the architectural style, the environment atmosphere and so on energetic factor.In the above meaning, “satisfies the creation the indoor environment which the people material and the spiritual life need” to take explicitly the interior design goal, namely humanist, all regarding for person's life production activity creation happy indoor environment.
At the same time, in the interior design, grasps the design object the basis factor is overall:
Use nature - why type functional design building and indoor space;
Presents - this building and the indoor spatial environment condition;
Economical investment - corresponding engineering project total investment and folk remedy construction cost standard control.
When design idea, needs to utilize the material technological means that namely each kind of finishing materials and facility equipment and so on, this is the understand easily; Also needs to follow the construction esthetics principle, this is because of the interior design artistry, besides has with art between and so on drawing, sculpture the common esthetics principle, the achievement “construction esthetics”, needs the overall evaluation use function, the structure to construct, the material equipment, the construction cost standard and so on many kinds of factors. Construction esthetics always and practical, factors and so on technology, economy join in together, this is it is different with pure art and so on drawing, sculpture differences to be.
The modern interior design both has the very high artistic request, it involves the design content and has the very high technique content, and some emerging disciplines, for example: Relations and so on human body engineering, environmental psychology, environment physics are extremely close. The modern interior design already developed into the independent emerging discipline in the environment design.
To the interior design meaning's understanding, as well as it with architectural design's relations, from the different angle of view, the different emphasis point analyzes, many scholars have many have the viewpoint which the profound opinion, is worth us pondering carefully and using for reference, for example:
Thought that the interior design “is architectural design continuation and deepens, is indoor spatial and the environment again creation”.
Thought that indoor is “the construction soul, is the person and the environment relation, is human art and the material civilization union”.
Mr. Dai Nianci thought that “architectural design's starting point and the objective point are the connotation construction spaces, tkes the chitectural art pursue the space charge effect the goal, but the contact surface, the windows and doors constitute the spatial essential subordinate part. The subordinate part constitutes the spatial material base, and plays the decisive effect to the connotation space use's impression, however after is subordinated the part. Is only constitutes the connotation space inevitable result as for the contour”.
Architect pula Turner thought that the interior design “contains these inner space building the design to be much more difficult than”, this is because “you must more hit the transportation in the indoor with the human, studies people's psychological factor, as well as how can make them to feel that is comfortable, is excited. The experience proved that this compared to the isostructuralism, the building system has to do must take the trouble a lot, also requests to have a more special training”.
US former decorator association president Adam pointed out “the interior design involves the work must be much more widespread than the pure decoration, they cared the scope expanded to the life each, on the one hand, for example: The housing, the work, the hotel, the dining room design, raises the labor productivity, the non-barrier design, the establishment fire protection standard and the energy conservation target, enhance the hospital, the library, the school and other public utility use efficiency. In brief a few words, give the human who each kind occupies in the indoor environment by to be comfortable and to be safe”.
Belorussia architect E? Barno Ma Liewa believed that the interior design is the design “has the visual definition artificial environment, satisfies in physiological and the spiritual request, the safeguard life, the production activity demand”, the interior design is also “the function, the spatial physique, the engineering technology and the artistic mutual interdependence and the close union”.
interior design basic concept
The modern interior design, from creates satisfies the modern function, to meet the spirit of the age requirement to embark, stressed that needs to establish the following some basic concepts:
First, take satisfies person and the interpersonal activity needs as the core
“serves for the people, this is precisely the interior design social function cornerstone.”The indoor design's goal is through creates the indoor space environment to serve for the human, the designer always needs the human to the indoor environment request, including the material use and the spiritual two aspects, places the design the first place. Because designs in process contradictory intriguing, the question is complicated, the designer needs to realize soberly humanist, serves for the human, to guarantee that people's safety and the physical and moral integrity, to satisfy person and the interpersonal activity need to take the design the core. Serves this ordinary truth for the human, when design because often unintentionally from many partial factors will consider that is neglected.
In view of the different person, the different user, should consider that correspondingly has the different request. For example: The kindergarten indoor window, considered adapts baby's criterion, the window highly often drops to 450~550cm by usual 900~1000cm, the stair step highly also about 12cm, and establishes adapts the child and the adult criterion two grades of arm rests; Some public buildings take into consideration disabled person's passing through and move, in the indoor outside elevation difference, the vertical transportation, attends to washes the hands and face and so on many aspects to make the non-barrier design; In recent years derground space dispersal design, if Shanghai's subway station, considered the senior citizen and in the active response slow people's safe evacuation time's formula, introduced has kept 1min for these person of safe evacuations the evacuation time leeway. The above three examples, are emphatically from people's and so on child, senior citizen, disabled person behavior physiology characteristics considered.
In the indoor space's organization, the color and the illumination select the aspect, as well as contrasts and so on aspects to the corresponding use nature indoor environment atmosphere, needs to study people's behavior psychology, the visual feeling aspect request. For example: The church stands tall and erect the indoor space has the mystical feeling, the assembly hall regular indoor space has the dignified feeling, but the recreation area gorgeous color and the riotous twinkle's illumination gives the human excitedly by, the joyful psychological feeling. We should utilize now the feasible material technological means and the corresponding current economic condition fully, creates first is to satisfy the indoor artificial environment which the human and the interpersonal activity need.
Second, strengthens the environment total perspective
The modern interior design decides, the idea, the indoor style and the environment atmosphere creation, needs to focus on to the environment entire surface consideration. The modern interior design, comes up the understanding from the concept of viewing the entire situation, should regard as is in the environment design series “in the chain a link”.
The interior design “in”, with the outdoor environment “outside”, may say that is one pair complements one another the dialectical unification contradiction, is precisely to complete the interior design thoroughly, even more needs to have the enough understanding and the analysis to the environment whole, begins in the indoor, but focuses on “outside”. One of current interior design 's diseases - is similar mutually, very little has the innovation and the individuality, lacks the essential understanding and the research to the environment whole, thus causes the design basis Chinese in general, design idea limitation seal. It seems like that neglect environment and interior design relations analysis, is also one of important reasons.
The modern interior design, or said that the indoor environment design, here “the environment” has two meanings emphatically:
A meaning is, the indoor environment refers to including indoor physical environment, the psychological environment and so on space environment, visual environment, air quality environment, acousto-optic heat and so on many aspects, when interior design no doubt needs to take the visual environment the design, but should not limit to the visual environment, to indoor physical environment and so on, light, heat, factors and so on air quality environment as well as psychological environment should also take seriously extremely, whether because of the people to the indoor environment comfortable feeling, always to synthesize. Sultry, noise background very high indoor, even if seems very attractive, treats is also very difficult during to give the human the joyful feeling. In some foreign guesthouses throws opens the opinion to be quite centralized, often is the evening elevator, in the boiler room low-frequency noise and the washroom the sanitary equipment pipeline's noise, affects the rest. Many guesthouse's great hall, embark purely from the visual feeling, excessive selects the luminous flinty finishing materials, from the ground to the wall surface, from the staircase, gallops on horseback the porch fence board to the service desk floor, the cabinet surface, causes in the great hall the reverberation time to be excessively long, when speech the clarity is very bad, certainly the construction cost is also very high. When US decorator Fischer comes visiting Shanghai, to a guesthouse which stops over has the similar above appraisal.
Hong Kong decorator D? Mr. Caylor in Zhejiang Dongyang's recreational activities, once thought that the traveling hotel interior design a most main spot, should be lets the passenger in indoor very easy associate is in itself in any place. Minsk architect E? Barno Ma Liewa also once mentioned that “the interior design is an item of system, it and following factor related, namely integrated function characteristic, natural climatic conditions, urban construction condition and in position, as well as local culture tradition and project construction way and so on”. Environment whole consciousness is weak, easy to consider the matter in and of itself, “closes the gate to make the design”, causes the creation the interior design to lack the depth, does not have the connotation. Certainly, the use nature is different, the function characteristic varies the task of design, each content relation's close degree also differs from correspondingly to the environment series. But, mentions from the people to indoor environment's material and the spiritual two aspect's synthesis feeling, still should stress that should give to the environment whole takes seriously fully.
Third, scientific nature and artistic union
Modern indoor design's another basic concept, is in creates in the indoor environment to take the scientific nature, takes the artistry, and mutual union. Looking from the construction and the indoor development's history, has innovative spirit new style starting, always adapts with social productive forces' development. Social life and science and technology progress, the people values and the aesthetic standard change, urges the interior design to take and utilize the contemporary science and technology positively fully the achievement, including new material, structure constitution and construction craft, as well as for creation good sound, light, hot environment facility equipment. The modern interior design 's scientific nature, besides needs to further be established in the design idea, in aspects and so on design method and performance method, also gives to take seriously day by day, the designer started earnestly by the science method, analyzes and determined that the indoor physical environment and the psychological environment's fit and unfit quality, and have utilized the electronic accounting machine technology aided design and the cartography. East the Washington Art center which when the 80s Mr. I.M. Pei as early as comes Shanghai lectures demonstrated the hall indoor perspective alternate, is by the electronic accounting machine plan, these draw up precisely the non-right angle's physique and the spatial relations, expressed the indoor spatial visual image really extremely carefully.
On the one hand needs to take the scientific nature fully, on the other hand needs to take the artistry fully, while takes the material technological means that takes seriously to construct esthetics principle, takes seriously to create has the expressive force and the power indoor space and the image, the creation has the visual sense of joy and the cultural connotation indoor environment, causes the life in the modern society high tech, the high rhythm people, in the psychology, the spirit obtains balanced, namely in modern architecture and interior design high tech and high emotional problem. In brief, is scientific and artistic, the physiological request and the psychological request, the physical factor and energetic factor balanced and the synthesis.
When concrete engineering design, will meet the different type and the function characteristic indoor environment, will treat the above two aspects concrete processing, possibly will have the stress, but will embark from the macroscopic whole's design idea, still needed both union. Scientific and artistic both separate or the opposition in no way, but is may unify closely. Italian designer P? Accepts the Roman small sports palace which Uygur designs and the spirit exhibition hall, Nepal steps the Brasilia Philippines Tela church which Asia designs, the modelling which the room covers both conforms to the reinforced concrete and the seacrete structure stress request, the structure constitution and the component itself and has the artistic expressive force extremely; The Dutch Rotterdam handles the project examination the municipal administration office building, the corridor which the indoor arch goes against unifies the crown natural lighting, does not make the decoration beam column processing, has manifested the scientific nature well in the work construction and the artistic union.
Looking from the macroscopic whole, just like fore-mentioned, the building and the indoor environment, always from a side reflection present age society material life and spiritual life's characteristic, are inscribing the time mark, but the modern interior design needs to stress that on own initiative manifests the spirit of the age in the design, considered on own initiative satisfies the present age social life activity and the behaviour pattern need, the analysis has the spirit of the age values and the aesthetic standard, uses the contemporary material technological means positively.
At the same time, human society's development, no matter is the material technology, the energetic culture, has the historical continuous nature. The tracing time and the respect history, its social development's essence says is the organic unification. In the interior design, in type in and so on life housing, traveling rest and cultural entertainment indoor environment, has the possibility to adopt as circumstances permit has the national characteristics, the place style, the local style, considers the historical culture fully the extension
With development design technique. Should point out that here said the historical arrangement, cannot only from the form, the mark understand simply, but is involves the plan thought that the planar configuration and the spatial organization characteristic generally, even designs the philosophic thinking and the viewpoint. Japanese renowned architect Kenzou Tange the generation of wood state-run athletics hall which designs for the Tokyo Olympic Games, although is one uses hangs the element structure the modern stadium, but from the construction physique and the indoor space's whole effect, may say it truly both the spirit of the age, and has Japan architectural style certain intrinsic characteristics; Saudi Arabia Sha Jia international airport, similarly, also is not only the modern age, and is condensing the Islam construction characteristic, it is not certain mark simple applying mechanically, also but manifests this construction and the indoor environment both a modernity, the respect history arrangement overall style.
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